In the present report, the Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, Clément Nyaletsossi Voule, examines the practical gaps in accountability for serious crimes committed against activists and protesters. In the report, based on a victim-centred approach, the Special Rapporteur makes recommendations to States and the international community to advance accountability and end impunity for such crimes, to ensure the fundamental freedoms of peaceful assembly and of association can be effectively exercised.